Apparatus for producing activity or work by atmospheric conditions and displaying the same



Dec. 19, 1933. F. E. HOLMES ET AL APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING ACTIVITY 0R WORK BY ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS AND DISPLAYING THE SAME Original Filed Feb. 23, 1932 2 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTORS p746 ATTORNEYS F. E. HOLMES ET AL APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING ACTIVITY OR WORK BY ATMOSPHERIC Dec. 19, 1933. 1,939,776

CONDITIONS AND DISPLAYING THE SAME Original Filed Feb. 23, 1932 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTORS 7 Patented Dec. 19, 1933 a t v t 7 1,939,776

UNI ED STATES, PATENT OFFICE 'APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING ACTIVITY WORK BY ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS AND DISPLAYING THE SAME Frederic E. Holmes, St. Bernard, and Arnon L Snoddy, Cincinnati, Ohio Continuation of application Serial No. 594,672, February 23, 1932. This application November 5, 1932. Serial No. 641,448

Claims. (CI. -46)- This invention relates to apparatus for prois Operated W t i a g a s Chamber y means ducing activityor work byutilizing energy cre- O a Water Jet fountainated by the heat contained in theatmosphere Figure 5 15 Central Sectional View of n d brgught, t operation by a diffe en e in paratus in which two liquids are used, one more temperature between two parts of the apparatus, Volatile than the other" the more Volatile liquid and is particularly directed to devices for disflowing upwardly through the other inpvthe form playing this Work or activity for advertising pur- 0f globules for display, gas flow and hydrostatic poses or purposes of demonstrating the principles tubes being ed-1 of evaporation, condensation, vaporization, and Figure 5 is a central sectional View of an hydrostatic pressure to students. These devices, paratus Similar to that, in Figure 5 in which a I 5 operating because of temperature differences at m liquid heavier a the other liquid is respective portions as created by induced evapo which flowsdownwardly through the other ration at one portion lowering the temperature hquld i the form globules- 1 f below normal, display a vapor or liquid flow be- Regarded in a simple term, h apparatus of tween the portions of the apparatus as vaporizathe present invention p ses two gas or Q Frederic Holmes and Amon Q snoddy other is suitable for filling the apparatus, the

tion and hydrostatic pressure are effective for ivapolitigm containers connected by P creating a cycle of operation Thepresent arranged that by establishing different temperaplication is a continuation ofapplication Serial IOU-res in therespecfive n a n hquld 15 caused Number 594,672, filed February 23, 1932, by to flow continuously or intermittently. Ethyl 5 It is an object of this invention to provide an apparatus bemg evacuated and Portlon of the apparatus for fully displaying or exploiting a ethler beieg in the form 9 Yapor and the, f continuous or recurrent flow or movement of mamder h form of E y e ther 1S liquids and their vapors Seemingly created with quite volatile and of especial value for this purout energy, for the purpose of attracting attenpose although other liquids may be usdsuch the invention applied to a bottle and glass for without adaptation to a glassrand bottle and static'column at a definite level. The flow of ftion in advertising primarily} 1 because; the apparagi ggigg ggi zi gigg f gg ggaggg g ggggg' Jus appears o accomp is perpe ual motionJ 4 r to amoun of ac ivi y by the use of an extremely I volatile liquid and a particular arrangement of abcut the f Thls 9341393 Eondensatlon h 5 chambers and tubes of the apparatus and by vapor or gas or reduction of its pressure within the adaptation of the known actions of evaporaff chambfirr Whereas h iower chamtion, condensation, vaporization and hydrostatic 3 2 3 gggi g gg ga ggg 332: pressure 1 9 manner The difierent vapor pressures'thus accomplished 0 her objec S and further advalttages W111 be in the respective chambers force vapor from the mere funxapparent a dtfscnptimtof the lower orheat chamber to the upper or cooled accqmpanytng drawings v chamber and the-movement of this vapor or gas Figure 1 1s a central sectional view lllustratlng ,through a, glass tube creates the activity which v is displayed. V V Qreatmg 3 9- dlsplaymg Mountain? 111 e v c The gas lift and the resultant condensation for adve sm t contents of e bottle taking place within the upper chamber add to Figure a Central s t al VIQW an pthe liquid content of the upper chamber and the D t s a o t at s wn in igure 1 but hydrostatic column for maintaining the hydroincluding a varlatlon 1n the arrangement of the gas orvapor from the lower to the upper chamhydrostatic tube and the gas or vapor flow tube Jer tending to equalize the vapor pressures perbetween the chambers. fmits the liquid'column to become effective for Figure 3 is a central sectional view of an japcreating a liquid movement which may be in the .paratussimilar to that of Figure 1 but showform of a fountain or in the form of globu1e,105 ing an arrangement in which the-hydrostatic and movement-in circuit through another liquid. I gas or vapor fiow, tubes have been placed one I Referring specifically to Figure 1 of the drawwithin the other.- 4 i p ings, the apparatus has been constructed to in- Figure 4 is a fragmentary central sectional elude as a part thereof ra bottle 10 and a' tumbler view of an apparatus iii-Which a paddle wheel 11, the tumbler being superimposed on the bot- 11 0 tie. The circuit or liquid enclosure apparatus is constructed entirely of glass in all instances and is preferably in one piece. In this instance the entire apparatus with the exceptionof the tumbler 11 is in one piece. The bottle 10 functions as the heat chamber or display chamber of the apparatus and the tumbler 11 is utilized as a container for the water used in the evaporation process about the condensation or upper chamber of the apparatus. a

Two tubes 12, 13, extend from'the lower end of the bottle or lower chamber. One of these tubes, namely the hydrostatic tube 12, enters the lower chamber or bottle beneath the other and includes an upturned nozzle 14 disposed axially of and within the bottle 10." The other tube, namely the gas or vapor lift tube 13, is connected to the lower chamber or bottle 10 at about the level of the nozzle. These tubes extend upwardly and join to a common tube 15 which is curved inwardly above the glass which rests on the top of the bottle and includes a cool chamber 16 in the form of a hollow glass sphere disposed partly within the upper end of the glass.

A wick 1'7 surrounds the hollow sphere and includes portions 18 depending into the glass 11 being therefore adapted to depend into water contained inthe glass. The apparatus as thus formed is left open at the top of the hollow sphere in this instance for final sealing and the liquid, which may be ether is poured into the apparatus disposed in upright position. The apparatus is only partially filled and is then evacuated until the pressure in the space above the liquid is only thatof or only slightly greater than that of the vapor of the liquid used. This degree of vacuum is maintained during the operation of the device by'sealing the same from the atmosphere in any manner as by fusing the glass together at the opening, or by closing the valve extending to the opening, clamping a rubber tube, or otherwise.

In the process of evacuating the system, the open portion of the apparatus is attached to a vacuum pump and the air and excess liquid are expelled by gentle boiling under reduced pressure. difference in temperature as betweenthe upper and lower chambers is established and the liquid will flow from the "warm chamber upwardly through the tubes until the level of the liquid in the warm chamber or in the adjacent portion of the gas lift passageway is barely lower thanthe nozzle of the hydrostatic tube. At this time the upper chamber will be "partially filled with liquid or filled to the point of overflow into the tube and the tubes will be filled with a liquid to or nearly to the junction with the common tube. A slightly further rise in gas to enter the gas lift tube.

As has beenexplained before, as long as a difference in temperature is maintainedlbetw'een the lower or heat chamber and the upper or cool chamber the gas or vapor will move from the lower chamber to the upper and the liquid will move fromthe upper to the lower. The liquid used has been selected because it has a high vapor pressure at room temperature. The evaporation taking place about the upper chamber drawing heat from the upper chamber lowers the temperature of this chamber and cooling of the vapor and condensation occurs within the chamber and the vapor pressure is accordingly lowered. 1 The liquid resulting from condensation overof the gas In initially starting the apparatus, the

the liquid allows flows and is received in the hydrostatic and gas ft tubes. The vapor pressure in the lower heat chamber is higher than that in the upper chamber since vaporization is constantly taking place, gas or vapor therefore being driven from the level of the nozzle through the gas lift tube to the upper chamber. This carries the liquid upwardly in the gas lift tube and maintains the level of liquid in the hydrostatic tube. As the vapor pressures have a tendency to equalize, the gas flowing from the lower to the upper, the hydrostatic column is effective for creating a fountain of water from the nozzle. Usually the escape of gas into the upper passage and its flow mixed with liquid toward the cool chamber is rapid enough to 'cause a continuous flow of liquid from the upper passage down the lower passage toward and into the warm chamber. At other times the flow may stop and then become quickly re-established in the manner just described so that it may be said to be recurrent or intermittent.

Referring to Figure 2 of the drawings, a different arrangement of the tubes and relation of the chambers is illustrated. The lower or heat chamber 19 is connected to an upper or cool chamber 20 by a gas lift tube 21 and a hydrostatic tube 22. In the connection of the tubes the lowest point 23 or the upper wall of the bend 24 lift tube 21 which vapor must reach to escape into the portion of the gas lift tube ascending to the cool chamber must be in a higher position than the lowest portion 25 of the upper wall of'the bend 26 of the hydrostatic tube 22.

As an example of the exact structure of the apparatus of Figure 2, the following dimensions are given: The heat chamber may be a glass cylinder 150 millimeters long and 30 millimeters in diameter. The upper or cool chamber may be an Erlenmeyer flask of 250 cubic centimeters capacity. The gas lift tube 21 which opens into the bottom of the heat chamber at its lower end and into a larger tube 2'? forming part of the upper or cool chamber at its other end may be 3 millimeters in inside diameter and 150 millimeters long from its upper end where it enters the cool chamber to its lowest vapor escape point 23 near its opening into the heat chamber.

a The hydrostatic tube connecting the heat chamber with the cool chamber as shown runs parallel with the gas lift tube for part of its length and then passes in the loop 26 well below the heat chamber and enters the lower end of the heat chamber in the form of the nozzle 14.

The lowest portion 25 of this tube may be 50 millimeters below the upper vapor escape point 23 in the gas lift tube. The openings of both tubes into the cool chamber may be at nearly the same level when the device is in an upright or operable position.

The device is held in a water bath at a temperature of 35 C. during evacuation until approximately 25 cubic centimeters of ether has been boiled away. The amount of liquid left in the device may be such that just before vapor escapes into the ascending part of the gas lift tube 14,3.

and just before liquid starts to flow from the hydrostatic tube into the heat chamber, the level of liquid in the tubes will be just below their openings into the cool chamber and the level of liquid in the cool chamber will be such that any additional liquid will flow out into the tubes. This form of device may be cooled in the same manner as the preceding, by means of the wick l7 surrounding the cool chamber and depending into water in a reservoir for maintaininga relatively lower temperzture by the evaporation of water from the In this and other forms it is essential that the difference of level in the openingsrof the two tubes 21, 22, into the cool chamber shall be some what less than the difference of level between the upper wall of the loops of the gas lift tubeand thelhydrostatic tube when the device is in theposition in which it is designed to operate. If the gas lifttube extends above its opening into the cool chamber, the highest point which the liquid must reach to flow into the cool chamber or" into the hydrostatictube must differ in level fromthe level of the opening of the hydrostatic tube into the cool chamber by less amount than the difference in levelbetween the upper wall of the loops of the respective tubes. The device willalso operate satisfactorily if the volume of liquid is such that'tlie upperlevel'is above the openings of both tubes into the cool chamber during operation." 7

Referring to Figure 3 of 'the drawings, a moda fication in the arrangement of the tubes is disclosed. In this modification gas lift tube 21 has been placed inside the hydrostatic tube 22 and the hydrostatic tube has'been modified at its lower end to accommodate-the gas 'lift tube and to enhance the beauty of the device. The appearanceof the apparatus isa little more complicated and will therefore arouse a little'more curiosity."

' Describing the structure of this modificatiom' the upper chamber 20 is connected to the lower chamber 19 by means of a relatively large tube in this instance the hy'drostatic tube 22. The lower chamber is of elongated or cylindrical'form and has its bottom 30 formed just above the entrance of the described tube l2l into the same. The gas lift tube 22 is contained in the previ-' ously described tube being of smaller diameter for this purpose. This tube '22 extends above the level of the entrance of the outside tube into the upper chamber and is connected to the bottom of the lower or heat chamber 19. That portion 31 of the cylinder forming the lower chamber which is below the bottom constitutes an extension of the hydrostatic or liquid tube. A nozzle tube 32 is disposed to extend slightly above th'e'bottom of the heat chamber and to depend into the previously described extension. This apparatus functions in the same manner as the preceding devices insofar as the cycle of movement of the vapor and liquid is concerned. I

Referring to Figure 4 which illustrates a portion of theapparatus, the lower or heat'chamber 19 is spherical and is shown as including or mountinga paddle wheel 33. The paddlewheel isintended for display for attracting attention by its movement; Ihe'paddle wheel is operated by a jet of water ensuing from a nozzle 34 which enters the upper side-of the spherical heat chamber 20 and is at the end of thehydrostatictube 22 described in the other forms. The gas lift tube 21 extendsfromthe bottom of the heat chamber.

The remainder of this apparatus is identical to that of the others, 'the modification residing in the provisionof the paddle wheel operated by the jetof water,

Referringto Figure 5, another modification'is illustrated in which two liquids are used, one of which is more active or volatile than the other, as for example, the use of ether in conjunction with water. In this apparatus the same general arrangement of parts is pre'sen't,lower and-upper chambers 19, 20, being used and gas lift and hydrostatic tube 22 has its nozzle 14 extended into the lower end of the lower-or heat chamber and disposed upwardly.

The gas lift tube 21 extends from an intermediate level of the heat chamber to an intermediate l'evel'of the upper or cool chamber 20 adjacent to the'hydrostatic tube connection but slightly above the same as at 35. In this form of apparatus the water as at 36 is contained inthe heat chamber and is in sufficient volume to maintain a level somewhat below the outlet of the gas lift tube. The ether is contained in the upperor cool chamber and in the upper part of the heat chamber, the vapor or ether gas being above'the liquid in the respective chambers as in the other forms.

It will be apparent that as the'movementof gas or vapor from the upper end of the heat chamber takes place through the gas lift tube 21 to the upper or cool chamber 20 tending to equalize va-'v por pressures, the liquid in the hydrostatic tube 22 will move downwardly and will flow from the nozzle 14 in the form of globules 37 rising through the-water to the liquid ether level above the Water, thus displaying movement of the ether. through the water. The ether may be colored and the water" retained inits natural color so that the globules will present an. attractive appearance as they move upwardly through thewater The ether will remain on top of the waterand the vapor in the device will be mostly ether vapor.

. Referring to Figure 6, this form is somewhat" akin to that disclosed in Figure 5 except that the volatile liquid usedis heavier than water andwill be disposed at the bottom of the heat chamber so that the movement .of the liquid will be 3. hydrostatic tubes 21, 22 being included. The,

downwardly by gravity. Carbon tetrachloride or chloroform is used in conjunction with water or some other suitable liquid lighterthan carbon tetrachloride. J

The apparatus in this form includes. the heat chamber .20 which is maintained at room temperature for vaporization of the carbon tetrachloride. The heat chamber connects directly with a display cylinder or enlarged hydrostatic tube 38 disposed in an upright position alongside the heat or vaporization chamber, the connection 39 betweenthese chambers beingat the bottoms thereof. The cool or condensation chamber is spherical and is connected by a passageway 40 to the upper end of the display cylinder.

The gas lift tube 21 connects an intermediate level of the heat chamber withthe upper end; of V the display cylinder 38 and includes a downwardly extended nozzle 14 disposed below the overflow level of the condensation chamber. The carbon tetrachloride is of sufficient volume to form pools in the cool or condensation chamber and in the connected lower ends of the display chamber and the heat or vaporization chamber.

The water or lighter liquid indicated at 41 is disposed in the display chamber and has its level above the level .of the carbon tetrachloride in the condensation chamber. to form'the hydro; static column. The vapor above'the carbon tet-' rachloride in the, heat chamber andlabove the water level in the coolor condensationchamber is essentially'a carbon tetrachloride vapor. The flow of the carbon tetrachloride is through the gas. lift tube upwardly from a level at the. entrance to the carbon; tetrachloride tubeat the heat chamber 7 and downwardly through the displaytube in theform ofdrops or globules 27 whereupon the carbon tetrachloride. again min-i the lower chamber carrying gleswiththezpool atthe bottom of the display cylinder...

Some of the carbon. tetrachloride overflows from the condensation chamber .flowingthrough thedisplay tube as shown, this latter occurring because of condensation of carbon tetrachloride vapor in the cool chamber adding to the volume and. causing overflow. Thewater level and arrangementis substantially stationary'and aids in the display. As condensation occurs dueto rapid evaporation about the upper chamber and carbon tetrachloride liquid overflows, there is a tendency to increase the level of the carbon tetrachloridein'the heat chamber.

The color'of the liquid may be varied depend-' ing on the liquid .which the apparatus is advertising. For example, the liquid may be colored red by Sudan III, Iodine will give orange or brown: color to a solution in ethyl ether and shades of violet or purple'in carbon tetrachloride or chloroform. Many standard bacteriological stains may housed in alcohol, or in water, in the forms in which two liquids are used. Water and Sudan III in ether make a b'eautifulstriking contrast in the fountain of alternate colors.

. Having described our invention, we claim:

1. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and andits vapor, comprising, a lower vaporization chamber, an upper condensation chamber, a vapor lift tube connecting said chambers, a hydrostatic pressure tube connecting said chambers including a jet projecting into the lower chamber, and means for lowering the temperature at the upper chamber, whereby as condensation takes place in the upper chamber and the vapor pressure is lowered vapor rises from the lower chamber'through the vapor lift tube and the hydrostatic pressure in the hydrostatic tube is effective for forcing the liquid out of the jet.

2. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising, a lower vaporization chamber, an upper condensation chamber, a vapor lift tube connecting said chambers, a hydrostatic pressure tube connecting said chambers and extending below the lowest vapor escape point of the vapor lift tube, and'means for lowering the temperature at .the upper chamber; whereby as condensation takes'place in the upper chamber and the vapor pressure is lowered vapor rises from liquid therewith through the vapor lift tube and the hydrostatic pressure in the hydrostatic tube is effective for forcing the liquid into the lower chamber. 7

3. A transparent apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising, a lower vaporization chamber, an upper condensation chamber,

a vapor lift tube connecting said chambers, a hydrostatic pressure tube connecting said chambers, and means for lowering the temperature at the upper chamber whereby condensation takes place in the upper chamber and the vapor pressure is lowered permitting vapor to rise from the lower chamber through the vapor lift tube v carrying liquid therewith and the hydrostatic pressure in thehydrostatic tube is effective for forcing the liquid into the lower chamber.

4. In a device of the class described; an apparatus formed of glass and containing volatile liquidand its vapor and consisting of a bottle forming a vaporization chamber, a condensation chamber disposed-above the bottle, a tube extending between the bottle and the condensation chamber, said tube divided to form a hydrostatic tube and a gas lift tube entering the condensation chamber, the hydrostatic tube entering the vaporization chamber below theigas lif-ttubeand including an upwardly disposed jet havinggitsoutlet on substantiallythe same plane as the connection of the gas lift tube to the bottle; ,a tumbler mounted on top of the bottle, and a wick disposed about the upper chamber and depending into the tumbler, whereby condensation of vapor in the upper chamber caused by B faporation lowers the vapor-pressure in the upper chamber and permits vapor to lower chamber through the gas lift tube increasing the hydrostatic pressure in'the hydrostatic tube for creating a fountain of liquid from the jet.

5. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising, a casing including a. vaporization chamber, a condensation chamber disposed above the vaporization chamber, a rela-' tively large hydrostatic pressure tube connecting said chambers, said tube connecting'to the vaporization chamber at the lower end thereof, a gas lift tube disposed within the hydrostatic tube, said gas lift tube having its upper end'disposed above the upper orintake level of the hydrostatic tube and its lower end connected to the bottom of the vaporization chamber, a nozzle tube: disposed axially of the vaporization chamber and extending beneath the same into that portion of the casing beneath the bottom of the vaporization'chamber, whereby condensation in the upper chamber lowers the vapor pressure therein and permits vapor to rise and elevate liquid in the gas lift tube, whereby the hydrostatic pressure is effective for causing a fountain of liquid to be ejected from the nozzle.

6. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising, a. casing including a vaporization chamber, a condensation chamber disposed above-the vaporization chamber, a relatively'large hydrostatic pressure tube connecting said'chambers, said tube connecting to the vaporization chamber at the lower end, a gas lift tube disposed within the hydrostatic tube and connected to the bottom of the vaporization chamber, a nozzle tube. disposed axially of the vaporization chamber and extending beneath the same into that portion of the casing beneath'the bottom of the vaporization chamber; whereby condensation in the upper chamber lowers the vapor pressure therein and permits vapor to rise and elevate liquidin the gas lift tube, thereby the hydrostatic pressure is effective for causing a fountain of liquid to be ejected from the nozzle.

'7. In a device of the class described; an apparatus formed of glass and containing volatile liquid and its vapor and consisting of a bottle forming a vaporization chamber, acondensation chamberdisposed above the bottle, a hydrostatic tube and a gas lift tube connecting the condensation chamber and the vaporization chamber; .a tumbler mounted on top of the bottle, and a wick disposed about the upper chamber and depending into the'tumbler, whereby condensation of vapor in the upper chamber caused by evaporation re-. lievesrthe vapor pressure in and permits vapor to flow upwardly from the lower chamber through the gas lifttube, the hydrostatic pressure in the hydrostatic tube thereupon being effective for creating a fountain of liquid from the jet. g Y

8. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising. a vaporization chamber, a condensation chamber disposed above the vaporization chamber, tubes connecting said chambers, one of said tubes being a-gas lift tube and flow upwardly from the the upper chamber r extending from substantially the base of the vaporization chamber and the other being a hydrostatic tube extending from the extreme base of the vaporization chamber, said latter tube having its lowermost portion disposed below the lowermost portion of the gas lift tube, said hydrostatic tube including a jet extended upwardly into the vaporization chamber.

9. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising, a vaporization chamber, a condensation chamber disposed above the vaporization chamber, tubes connecting said chambers, one of said tubes being a gas lift tube and extending from substantially the base of the vaporization chamber, and the other being a hydrostatic tube extending from the extreme base of the vaporization chamber, said latter tube having its lowermost portion disposed below the lowermost portion of the gas lift tube, said hydrostatic tube including a jet extended axially upwardly into the vaporization chamber, the difference between the lowermost levels of the gas lift tube and the hydrostatic tube being greater than the difference between the levels of the outflow and the inflow tubes within the condensation chamber.

10. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising, an upper condensation chamber, a lower vaporization chamber, a gas lift tube connecting the respective chambers, a hydrostatic tube connecting the respective chambe'rs and depending below the gas lift tube, said hydrostatic tube including a nozzle, a paddle wheel journalled in the vaporization chamber, said paddle wheel and nozzle corelated whereby liquid flow from the nozzle as induced by hydrostatic pressure caused by gas lift causes rotation of the paddle wheel.

11. In a device of the class described; an apparatus formed of glass and containing volatile liquid and its vapor and consisting of a bottle forming a vaporization chamber, a condensation chamber disposed above the bottle, a hydrostatic tube and a gas lift tube connecting the condensation chamber and the vaporization chamber; and a tumbler mounted on top of the bottle,

, whereby condensation of vapor in the upper chamber caused by evaporation relieves the vapor pressure in the upper chamber and permits vapor to flow upwardly from the lower chamber through the gas lift tube, the hydrostatic pressure in the hydrostatic tube thereupon being efits end connected to bers and extending vaporization chamber,

5 fective for creating a fountain of liquid from the jet.

12. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising, a'lower vaporization chamber, an upper condensation chamber, a vapor lift tube connecting said chambers, a hydrostatic pressure tube connecting said chambers and extending below the lowest vapor escape point of the vapor lift tube, one of said tubes including a nozzle disposed for discharge into the vaporization chamber whereby the circulation induced by condensation causes a discharge of liquid. r r

13. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its .vapor, comprising, a lower vaporization chamber, an upper condensation chamber, a vapor lift tube connecting said chambers, a hydrostatic pressure tube connecting said chambers and extending below the lowest vapor escape point of the vapor lift tube, and said vapor lift tube having the vaporization chamber intermediate of the height thereof whereby the escaping vapor moving upwardly in the vapor lift tube carries liquid therewith.

14. An apparatus'enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising, a lower vaporization chamber, an upper condensation chamber, a vapor lift tube connecting said chambers, a hydrostatic pressure tube connecting said chambelow the lowest vapor escape point of the vapor lift tube, and said vapor lift tube having its end connected to the vaporization chamber intermediate of the height thereof whereby the escaping vapor moving upwardly in the vapor lift tube carries liquid therewith, one of said tubes including a nozzle dis- ,ber whereby the circulation induced by condensation causes a discharge of liquid.

15. An apparatus enclosing a volatile liquid and its vapor, comprising, a transparent lower an upper condensation chamber, a transparent vapor lift'tube connecting said chambers, a hydrostatic pressure tube connecting said chambers and extending below the lowest vapor escape point of the vapor lift tube, one of said tubes including a discharge nozzle for discharging liquid for display purposes.

FREDERIC E. HOLMES. ARNON O. SNODDY. 

